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Hurricane hunters

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A NOAA WP-3D Orion weather reconnaissance aircraft

Hurricane hunters, typhoon hunters, or cyclone hunters are aircrews that fly into tropical cyclones to gather weather data. In the United States, the organizations that fly these missions are the United States Air Force Reserve's 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Hunters. Such missions have also been flown by Navy units and other Air Force and NOAA units. Other organizations also fly these missions, such as Government Flying Service Hong Kong.

The first crewed flight into a hurricane happened in 1943 when a pilot-trainer flew into a Category 1 hurricane near Galveston, Texas on a bet.[1]

In the past, before satellites were used to find tropical storms, military aircraft flew routine weather reconnaissance tracks to detect formation of tropical cyclones. While modern satellites have improved the ability of meteorologists to detect cyclones before they form, only aircraft are able to measure the interior barometric pressure of a hurricane and provide accurate wind speed data, information needed to accurately predict hurricane development and movement.

Units

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USAFR 53rd WRS

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Main article: 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron

The Air Force Reserve 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the world's only operational military weather reconnaissance unit, is based at Keesler Air Force Base in Biloxi, Mississippi; most weather recon flights originate there. The term "hurricane hunters" was first applied to its missions in 1946.

The USAFR hurricane hunters fly weather missions in an area midway through the Atlantic Ocean to the Hawaiian Islands, and have on occasion flown into typhoons in the Pacific Ocean and gathered data in winter storms.

The 53rd WRS hurricane hunters operate ten Lockheed WC-130J aircraft, which fly directly into hurricanes, typically penetrating the hurricane's eye several times per mission at altitudes between 500 feet (150 m) and 10,000 feet (3,000 m).

NOAA Hurricane Hunters

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Main article: NOAA Hurricane Hunters

The civilian and NOAA Corps crew members of the NOAA Hurricane Hunters, originally based at the Aircraft Operations Center at MacDill AFB, in Tampa, Florida, mainly perform surveillance, research, and reconnaissance with highly instrumented aircraft including airborne Doppler weather radar measurements in both Atlantic and Pacific storms. In June 2017[2][3] the Hunters moved into a new facility at Lakeland Linder International Airport in Lakeland, Florida, having been at MacDill since 1993. They fly two Lockheed WP-3D Orion aircraft, heavily instrumented flying laboratories modified to take atmospheric and radar measurements within tropical cyclones and winter storms, and a G-IV Gulfstream high-altitude jet above 41,000 feet (12 km) to document upper- and lower-level winds that affect cyclone movement. The computer models that forecast hurricane tracks and intensity mainly use G-IV dropsonde data collected day and night in storms affecting the United States.

On September 27, 2024, NOAA announced it had awarded a contract to Lockheed Martin Aeronautics for two Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules aircraft configured for use as hurricane hunters to replace its aging WP-3D Orions, with service entry planned in 2030.[4]

Government Flying Service Hong Kong

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Since 2009 the Government Flying Service of Hong Kong (GFS) have conducted regular flight data collection in cooperation with the Hong Kong Observatory. In 2011, the cooperation between GFS and the Observatory extended to reconnaissance flights to capture weather data for tropical cyclones over the South China Sea.[5] In September 2016 they introduced the dropsonde system, which collects extra meteorological data on tropical cyclones to enhance the monitoring of typhoons.[6]

History

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View of the eyewall of Hurricane Katrina taken on August 28, 2005, by a NOAA P-3.

Among the types of aircraft that have been used to investigate hurricanes, are an instrumented Lockheed U-2 flown in Hurricane Ginny during the 1963 Atlantic hurricane season. Other types include the A-20 Havoc, 1944; B-24, 1944–1945; B-17, 1945–1947; B-25, 1946–1947; B-29, 1946–1947. WB-29, 1951–1956; WB-50, 1956–1963; WB-47, 1963–1969; WC-121N 1954–1973; WC-130A, B, E, H, 1965–2012.

The idea of aircraft reconnaissance of hurricane storm trackers was put forth by Captain W. L. Farnsworth of the Galveston Commercial Association in the early 1930s. Supported by the United States Weather Bureau, the "storm patrol bill" passed both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives on June 15, 1936.[7]

1935 Labor Day Hurricane

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The first time a reconnaissance flight took place with the sole purpose of locating a hurricane was during the 1935 Great Labor Day Hurricane, which would later become the strongest storm to ever impact the U.S.

On September 1, the storm moved through The Bahamas where it was estimated to be at hurricane strength. As a result, ships began to avoid the Florida Straits, depriving the Weather Bureau of valuable information. This led to confusion as the Weather Bureau believed it would continue on its westward path and make landfall in Cuba while the Cuba weather service didn't see any evidence for this.

On September 2, a pilot flying over the Florida Keys noticed a large cloud mass to the east and more north than it should have been. The Cuban weather service requested a plane to be sent up to find the storm, with Captain Leonard Povey volunteering. After circling, but not penetrating (his plane had an open cockpit), the storm, he confirmed the storm was located more north than originally thought and actually heading northeast. This was relayed to the Weather Bureau, which immediately put warnings out for the Florida Keys. The storm would make landfall later that day.

Capt. Povey urged Congress and the Weather Bureau to implement full-time reconnaissance planes, but to no avail. A plan was laid out to use Coast Guard cutters, but was never implemented.[8]

1943 Surprise Hurricane

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The 1943 Surprise Hurricane, which struck Houston, Texas, during World War II, marked the first intentional meteorological flight into a hurricane. It started with a bet.

That summer, British pilots were being trained in instrument flying at Bryan Field. When they saw that the Americans were evacuating their AT-6 Texan trainers in the face of the storm, they began questioning the construction of the aircraft. Lead instructor Colonel Joe Duckworth took one of the trainers out and flew it straight into the eye of the storm. After he returned safely with navigator Lt. Ralph O'Hair, the base's weather officer, Lt. William Jones-Burdick, took over the navigator's seat and Duckworth flew into the storm a second time.[9][10]

This flight showed that hurricane reconnaissance flights were possible, and further flights continued occasionally. In 1946, the moniker "Hurricane Hunters" was first used, and the Air Force and now Air Force Reserve have used it ever since. The flights demonstrated that hurricane reconnaissance flights were feasible.[11][12]

VW-4

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Lockheed WP-3A Orion weather reconnaissance aircraft of VW-4 Squadron at its NAS Jacksonville Florida base in 1974

The United States Navy's VW-4 / WEARECORON FOUR Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Four, "Hurricane Hunters" was the seventh U.S. Navy squadron dedicated to weather reconnaissance. They flew several types of aircraft, but the WC-121N "Willy Victor" was the aircraft most often associated with flying into the "eye of the storm." The squadron operated WC-121s between late 1954 and 1972.[13] VW-4 lost one aircraft and crew in a penetration of Hurricane Janet,[14] and another to severe damage in a storm, but the severely damaged Willy Victor (MH-1) brought her crew home, although she never flew again. During 1973–1975, VW-4 operated the turbine-propeller Lockheed WP-3A Orion.

Hurricane Katrina

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The landfall of Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005 devastated Keesler Air Force Base, home of the 53rd WRS. The equipment and personnel of the squadron were flying out of Dobbins Air Reserve Base near Atlanta. Despite heavy equipment losses, the squadron never missed a mission from the National Hurricane Center. The 53rd has since returned to Keesler.

Aircraft losses

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Other incidents

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  • September 15, 1989 – While entering the eyewall of Hurricane Hugo, a NOAA WP-3D Orion (registration N42RF) encountered multiple severe downdrafts, causing the inboard right engine to overheat. The crew was forced to shut it down as the aircraft reached 220 m (720 ft) above the ocean in the eye. They dumped fuel and followed a United States Air Force WC-130 out of the hurricane. The aircraft sustained major damage and was grounded for the rest of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season.[21][22]
  • February 9, 2007 – While inside of an extratropical cyclone, the same WP-3D Orion involved in the Hurricane Hugo incident suffered a compressor stall on three of its four engines at 240 m (790 ft) above the ocean, forcing the crew to shut them down. They were able to restart the engines and return to St. John's. Sea salt reduced the engine performance, which resulted in a compressor stall and a rain cloud the aircraft passed through caused the engines to be cleaned out, resulting in their restarting.[23][24]
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A reality television series featuring the USAFR 53rd WRS, entitled Hurricane Hunters, debuted on The Weather Channel in July 2012.[25]

The story of the NOAA flight during Hurricane Hugo was shown as part of the Mayday television show on the during 2015.[26]

See also

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ McMahon, Bucky (September 8, 2017). "Into the Eye of the Storm". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  2. ^ "NOAA hurricane center once housed at MacDill opens in Lakeland". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on 2020-06-13. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  3. ^ "NOAA Hurricane Hunters Have New Home In Lakeland". WUSF Public Media. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  4. ^ "NOAA awards contract for next-generation hurricane hunter aircraft". NOAA.gov. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
  5. ^ "Aircraft Meteorological Observation for Tropical Cyclones". www.hko.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  6. ^ "HKO and GFS join forces to introduce dropsonde system". www.hko.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 2022-09-12. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  7. ^ Associated Press. "Storm Patrol Bill Passed to President" Hurricane Archive [dead link‍] Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
  8. ^ "80th Anniversary of the Labor Day Hurricane and first hurricane reconnaissance". Hurricane Research Division. 2015-09-02. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-08-19 – via Wordpress.
  9. ^ Bob Sheets; Jack Williams (2001). Hurricane Watch: Forecasting the Deadliest Storms on Earth. Vintage. ISBN 0-375-70390-X., pp. 98–100
  10. ^ Kaye, Ken (25 July 2013). "First 'hurricane hunter' flight was made on a bet". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  11. ^ "53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 'Hurricane Hunters' Fact Sheet". 403rd Wing AFRC. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  12. ^ Fincher, Lew; Read, Bill. "The 1943 "Surprise" Hurricane". NOAA.gov. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  13. ^ Marson, 1982, p. 318
  14. ^ Garland, Harlin (October 1966). "U. S. Navy Hurricane Hunters". ESSA World. Environmental Satellite Services Administration: 7.
  15. ^ "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part I: the Oct 1, 1945 typhoon" Archived August 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Weather Underground Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
  16. ^ "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part II: Typhoon Wilma, 1952" Archived 2020-08-01 at the Wayback Machine Weather Underground Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
  17. ^ "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part III: Typhoon Doris, 1953" Archived 2020-08-01 at the Wayback Machine Weather Underground Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
  18. ^ "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part IV: Hurricane Janet, 1955" Archived 2020-08-02 at the Wayback Machine Weather Underground Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
  19. ^ "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part V: Typhoon Ophelia, 1958" Archived 2020-08-01 at the Wayback Machine Weather Underground Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
  20. ^ Robison, Tom "Whiskey-Charlie!" Archived 2020-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Air Weather Reconnaissance Association website. Retrieved on 2008-09-26.
  21. ^ Marks, Frank D.; Black, Peter G.; Montgomery, Michael T.; Burpee, Robert W. (April 2008). "Structure of the Eye and Eyewall of Hurricane Hugo (1989)". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (4). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 1237–1259. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1237M. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2073.1. S2CID 52062413.
  22. ^ "25th Anniversary of a 'hairy hop' into Hurricane Hugo". Hurricane Research Division. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  23. ^ NOAA Mishap Investigation Report (PDF) (Report). SkyBrary. August 9, 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  24. ^ Ried, Jeffrey S.; Eleuterio, Daniel; Cook, B. J.; Walker, Annette L.; Richardson, Kim A.; Westphal, Douglas L.; Zhang, Jianglong; Damiano, A. B.; McNamara, Richard J. (October 25, 2007). An Assessment of the Meteorological Conditions Leading to the NOAA WP-3D Engine Compressor Stalls of February 9, 2007, Due to Sea Salt Aerosol Particle Fouling (Report). Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  25. ^ "Official website for the TV series". Archived from the original on 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
  26. ^ "Smithsonian Channel: It's Brighter Here". Archived from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2020-12-08.

Bibliography

  • Marson, Peter J., The Lockheed Constellation Series, 1982, Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, Tonbridge, Kent, ISBN 0-85130-100-2.
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